{"id":21463,"date":"2019-12-03T09:09:35","date_gmt":"2019-12-03T06:09:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/?p=21463"},"modified":"2020-10-29T10:07:58","modified_gmt":"2020-10-29T07:07:58","slug":"u-s-authorities-target-chinese-cancer-scientists-for-espionage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/u-s-authorities-target-chinese-cancer-scientists-for-espionage\/","title":{"rendered":"Kanserle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan \u00c7inli Bilim Adamlar\u0131 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Taraf\u0131ndan Birer Hedef Mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Son y\u0131llarda, kanser ile ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar giderek daha k\u00fcresel bir boyuta eri\u015fmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 milyon ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcren kansere y\u00f6nelik ortakla\u015fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve fikirlerini bir araya getirmesi gerekmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirlikleri, ABD Ulusal Kanser Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Moonshot program\u0131n\u0131n temel bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kanser tedavisi ke\u015fiflerinin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in 1 milyar dolar gibi bir para harcamakta. Bu program\u0131n sloganlar\u0131ndan biri ise; \u201cKanser s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131m\u0131yor\u201d. Ancak, ABD, \u00fcst d\u00fczey kurumlar\u0131ndaki \u00c7inli kanser ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temizliyor. NIH ve FBI, ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, kanser tedavisi arayan ve etnik k\u00f6keni \u00c7in olan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 hedef al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<div id=\"om-fiuya1iydgqr7bdkoezx-holder\"><\/div>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/a.omappapi.com\/app\/js\/api.min.js\" data-campaign=\"fiuya1iydgqr7bdkoezx\" data-user=\"41855\" async><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz Ocak\u2019ta, \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc bir epidemiyolog olan ve \u00c7in k\u00f6kenli bir Amerikal\u0131 olan Dr. Wu, \u00c7in&#8217;deki profesyonel ili\u015fkileriyle ilgili bir soru\u015fturma ge\u00e7irdi. Ard\u0131ndan, Teksas \u00dcniversitesi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow noreferrer\">MD Anderson<\/a> Kanser Merkezi\u2019ndeki Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Genom Merkezi y\u00f6neticili\u011fi pozisyonundan istifa etti. Houston merkezli MD Anderson\u2019dan \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u00c7inli Amerikal\u0131 bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n i\u015ften ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131, asl\u0131nda ABD\u2019deki ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlar\u0131ndaki \u00c7in etkisine kar\u015f\u0131 koyan bir y\u00f6netimden kaynaklan\u0131yor. Ama\u00e7 da ABD\u2019de do\u011fan inovasyon ve teknik bilginin h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 engellemek.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck temel biyomedikal ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonu sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow noreferrer\">NIH<\/a>, sa\u011fl\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rma toplulu\u011funa muazzam bir g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flamakta. NIH, federal hibelere y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 26 milyar dolar ay\u0131r\u0131yor ve kabaca bunun 6 milyar dolar\u0131 kanser ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na gidiyor. 5 Haziran&#8217;da yap\u0131lan bir duru\u015fmada, NIH yetkilileri, ABD Maliye Senatosu Komitesine, NIH\u2019in 61 ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumu ile temasa ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ve hibe al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda ve ki\u015fisel bilgilerinde \u015f\u00fcphe g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla yabanc\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerle a\u00e7\u0131klanmayan ba\u011flar\u0131 i\u00e7eren 16 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. NIH ve bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumu, \u00f6zellikle de MD Anderson gibi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imi olanlar k\u0131smen su\u00e7lu ilan edildi. FBI ajanlar\u0131 bu kurumlar\u0131n \u00f6zel e-postalar\u0131n\u0131 okuyarak, \u00c7inli bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 havaalanlar\u0131nda durdurarak ve ABD \u00fclkesine sadakatlerini sorgulamak ad\u0131na bu ki\u015filerin evlerine ziyaretler d\u00fczenleyerek kontrol\u00fc elden b\u0131rakm\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n<h2>Wu Kimdir ve Olaylar Nas\u0131l Geli\u015fmi\u015ftir?<\/h2>\n<p>Kariyeri boyunca Dr. Wu, \u00c7in&#8217;deki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve kanser merkezleri ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bunu, kendisinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurum olan MD Anderson yapmaya te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. Merkezin 2000&#8217;li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki ba\u015fkan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/newsroom\/john-mendelsohn-md-anderson-president-emeritus-passes-away.h00-159299889.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow noreferrer\">John Mendelsohn<\/a>, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fini ilerletmek i\u00e7in bir giri\u015fim ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in ile MD Anderson aras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli kanser ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tarama programlar\u0131, klinik denemeler ve temel ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 konusunda i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7inli kanser merkezi ile \u201ckarde\u015f\u201d ili\u015fki kurulmu\u015ftur. MD Anderson&#8217;daki onlarca \u00c7inli \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi bu gibi bir i\u015fbirli\u011finde rol almak istemi\u015flerdir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem \u00c7in\u2019de bulunan aile ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret etme \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 elde ediyorlard\u0131 hem de \u00c7in\u2019in her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,3 milyon yeni kanser vakas\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ele alarak kariyerlerine katk\u0131da bulundular. Hatta 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7in Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Xi Jinping&#8217;in kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir t\u00f6ren ile MD Anderson&#8217;a uluslararas\u0131 bilimsel i\u015fbirli\u011fi konusundaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck onur \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc verildi.<\/p>\n<p>Wu\u2019nun durumunun ve benzerlerinin, ABD ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlar\u0131nda \u00fcretilen bilgiyi korumak ve \u00c7in-Amerika aras\u0131ndaki olas\u0131 bilgi h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in mi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoksa bu gibi durumlar\u0131n bir paranoya oldu\u011funun ve \u0131rksal bir profilleme yolunda gidildi\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmekte. Belki de her ikisi de ge\u00e7erlidir. Her iki durumda da, Houston ve ba\u015fka yerlerdeki olaylar\u0131n, ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere Amerika&#8217;daki \u00c7inlilerin FBI g\u00f6zetimi i\u00e7in birer hedef oldu\u011funu ispat ediyor.<\/p>\n<h2>Neden \u00c7inli Bilim \u0130nsanlar\u0131 B\u00f6yle Muamele G\u00f6r\u00fcyor?<\/h2>\n<p>Peki bu olaylar nas\u0131l ve neden ba\u015flad\u0131? \u00c7in\u2019in bilimde k\u00fcresel a\u015famaya eri\u015fmesi hem h\u0131zl\u0131 hem de \u00f6nemli olmu\u015ftur. \u00dclke, bilim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya olan harcamalar\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7inli bilim adamlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015fifler ve ilerlemeler kaydetmekte. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde \u0130kinci Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130nsan Genom D\u00fczenleme Zirvesi&#8217;nde \u015fok edici bir duyuru yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7inli bilim adam\u0131 He Jiankui, Hong Kong\u2019da, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/newsroom\/john-mendelsohn-md-anderson-president-emeritus-passes-away.h00-159299889.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow noreferrer\">d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk<\/a> genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bebekleri yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bilim adam\u0131, imm\u00fcn yetmezlik vir\u00fcs\u00fcne (HIV) diren\u00e7li ikiz k\u0131zlar olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in DNA&#8217;y\u0131 silebilen, d\u00fczenleyebilen veya de\u011fi\u015ftirebilen bir ara\u00e7 olan yeni teknoloji CRISPR&#8217;\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. AIDS&#8217;e neden olan HIV vir\u00fcs\u00fc, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ciddi bir hastal\u0131k etmenidir. Bununla birlikte, iddia etti\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 hen\u00fcz herhangi bir dergide yay\u0131nlamam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar\u0131 di\u011fer bilim insanlar\u0131yla payla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n CRISPR teknolojisini kullanarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk nesil geneti\u011fi oynanm\u0131\u015f bebeklerini yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 t\u00fcm ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u015fok etkisi yaratt\u0131. Duyuru, h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkilileri, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve kamuoyunun ele\u015ftirisi ve endi\u015fesiyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Peki bu, \u00c7in biliminin gelece\u011fi ve bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak insanl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ne anlama geliyor? Bu \u015fok edici geli\u015fmenin ve \u00c7in\u2019in durumuna ili\u015fkin geli\u015fmeler i\u015fte bu noktada ciddiyet kazanmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>FBI Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Christopher Wray, \u00c7inli Amerikal\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n neden hedef al\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve incelendiklerini anlatt\u0131. ABD D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Konseyi&#8217;ne, \u00c7in\u2019in sahip olmak istedi\u011fi yeniliklere ve bilgiye \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yollardan eri\u015febilece\u011fini (mesela \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015fletmelerden, \u00fcniversitelerden veya organizasyonlardan) ve bu \u015fekilde bilgi h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na toplumsal \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fini belirtti. Wray\u2019in belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re bu i\u015fin i\u00e7inde herkes var: \u00c7in\u2019in istihbarat servisleri; devlete ait oldu\u011fu ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte \u00f6zel i\u015fletmeler; her y\u0131l ABD\u2019ye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in gelenler ve ABD\u2019de bulunan \u00f6\u011frenci ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Asyal\u0131 Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131 savunan Kaliforniya Demokrat Temsilcisi Judy Chu, Christopher Wray\u2019in s\u00f6ylemlerinin \u00c7inli Amerikal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda derin bir endi\u015fe yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011funun ger\u00e7ekten FBI taraf\u0131ndan sorguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Chu, geli\u015fen olaylar\u0131n sonu\u00e7ta \u00c7inli Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n insani haklar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7mayaca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok endi\u015feli oldu\u011funu da eklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>MD Anderson&#8217;daki \u00c7inli bilim adamlar\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcphelenilmesi 2014&#8217;te ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde Milwaukee&#8217;deki Wisconsin T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesindeki bir \u00c7inli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, federal ekonomik casusluk su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla tutuklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; savc\u0131lar, erken evre laboratuvar testlerinden \u00fc\u00e7 tane kanser ilac\u0131 \u015fi\u015fesinin \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. \u00c7inli bilim insan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir bilgisayara eri\u015fim izni olmadan eri\u015fti\u011fi s\u00f6ylendi ki \u00e7ok daha az su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funa dair su\u00e7 duyurusunda bulunulsun diye. B\u00f6ylece d\u00f6rt bu\u00e7uk ay hizmet s\u00fcresinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma cezas\u0131 ald\u0131. MD Anderson, o zamanlar kanser ila\u00e7lar\u0131 konusunda temel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ticarile\u015ftirmeye karar verdi. Bug\u00fcn, merkez, yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fczine ila\u00e7 \u00fcreticisi ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u00f6zel \u015firketlerle ortakl\u0131klar kurmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bunun sebebi ise g\u00fcvenli\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmek istenmesiydi.<\/p>\n<p>FBI, \u015firketlere, \u00fcniversitelere ve hastanelere \u00c7inli i\u015f ortaklar\u0131 ve Wray&#8217;\u0131n \u201cgeleneksel olmayan bilgi toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131\u201d dedi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla ilgilenirken \u00f6zel \u00f6nlemler almalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemekte. ABD Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkilileri, yerel y\u00f6netimleri, \u015firketleri ve gazetecileri \u00c7in\u2019in olas\u0131 h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k giri\u015fimleriyle ilgili bilgilendirmek i\u00e7in bilgilendirmeler yap\u0131yorlar. \u00c7inli \u00f6\u011frenciler ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in vizeler k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131yor ve \u00f6zellikle teknoloji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde olmak \u00fczere daha fazla \u00c7inli m\u00fchendis ve i\u015f adam\u0131 ABD havaalanlar\u0131nda tutulurken, s\u0131n\u0131r ajanlar\u0131 dijital cihazlar\u0131n\u0131 inceliyorlar. Wray, FBI&#8217;nin 56 saha ofisinin her birinde \u201cneredeyse \u00c7in&#8217;e geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclecek olan\u201d casusluk soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Son y\u0131llarda, kanser ile ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar giderek daha k\u00fcresel bir boyuta eri\u015fmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8206,"featured_media":21464,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1507,1508],"tags":[1581],"ppma_author":[1655],"class_list":["post-21463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-news","category-publishing-news","tag-importance-of-research-ethics"],"acf":[],"single_webinar_page_date":null,"single_webinar_page_time":null,"session_agenda":null,"who_should_attend_this_session":null,"about_the_speaker_field":null,"co-webinar-sec":null,"co_webinar_sec_one":null,"speaker-name":null,"webinar-date":null,"webinar-time":null,"webinar-s-image":null,"custum_webinar_category":null,"authors":[{"term_id":1655,"user_id":8206,"is_guest":0,"slug":"editortr","display_name":"editortr","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/347d54be4941c5af20289743c42209a653f6dfa8242bcc8e58964d59ffa87297?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8206"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21463"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21463\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22290,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21463\/revisions\/22290"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21463"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21463"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=21463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}