{"id":21654,"date":"2019-12-12T16:47:30","date_gmt":"2019-12-12T13:47:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/?p=21654"},"modified":"2020-10-29T10:06:55","modified_gmt":"2020-10-29T07:06:55","slug":"are-science-funders-gambling-with-grant-money","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/tr\/are-science-funders-gambling-with-grant-money\/","title":{"rendered":"Bilim Fonu Hibeleri Piyango Uygulamas\u0131 \u0130le Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131labilir mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Yay\u0131nlanan yeni bir makale, rekabet\u00e7i ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonu ihtiyac\u0131 konusunda pek \u00e7ok soru ortaya koyuyor. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere finansman kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu anda nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili bir\u00e7ok sorun var. Akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar cinsiyet, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurum veya etnik k\u00f6ken gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar nedeniyle projelerine finansman alamayabiliyor. Ayr\u0131ca, kimin fon alaca\u011f\u0131na karar vermek pahal\u0131 da bir i\u015flem. Bununla birlikte s\u00fcrecin kendisi de g\u00fcvenilmez olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu nedenle s\u00fcreci d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6neriler dikkate al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flan\u0131yor. Mesela finansman kurulu\u015flar\u0131 proje ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren j\u00fcrileri daha dikkatli se\u00e7ebilir. Hibe \u00f6nerileri yerine akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek hibe verilebilir. Akran de\u011ferlendirmesi s\u00fcrecini \u015feffaf yapmak, hakemlerin daha kusursuz i\u015f yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik edebilir. Finansman kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca daha basit bir inceleme s\u00fcrecini hayata sokabilir; bir \u00e7ekili\u015f ile karar vermek gibi. \u00d6zetle \u015fans\u0131n, hibe da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde olmas\u0131 gerekenden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynayaca\u011f\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/p>\n<div id=\"om-fiuya1iydgqr7bdkoezx-holder\"><\/div>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/a.omappapi.com\/app\/js\/api.min.js\" data-campaign=\"fiuya1iydgqr7bdkoezx\" data-user=\"41855\" async><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Albert Einstein Tanr\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n zar oynamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0131srar ederek s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrc.govt.nz\/what-we-do\/investing-excellent-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Yeni Zelanda Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Konseyi<\/a> ise fonlar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131rken bunu yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ajans, artan say\u0131da rastgele se\u00e7im yoluyla fon sa\u011flayan kurulu\u015flardan biridir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bu y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Wellington \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde bir biyolog olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan David Ackerley, konseyin y\u0131ll\u0131k piyango \u00e7ekili\u015finden 150.000 Yeni Zellanda Dolar\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 96.000 ABD Dolar\u0131) kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bunu h\u00fccreleri yok etmek i\u00e7in yeni y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirmek \u00fczere kullanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Fonun k\u0131demli ara\u015ft\u0131rma yat\u0131r\u0131m m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olan Lucy Pomeroy, geleneksel fon da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini ve bu nedenle 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ekili\u015f yolu ile fon da\u011f\u0131tmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Konseyin, yeni fikirleri te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in yeni bir \u015feyler denemek istedi\u011fini ve bu nedenle fon sa\u011flama ama\u00e7l\u0131 yeni bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu noktada geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin dikkatine bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapal\u0131m. Art\u0131k bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 piyango usul\u00fc fon da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na ilaveten nerelerde piyango uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irece\u011fini planl\u0131yor. 19 Kas\u0131m tarihinde \u0130svi\u00e7re&#8217;deki Z\u00fcrih \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir toplant\u0131da, yeni yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n destek\u00e7ileri, \u015fans veya piyango uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel sistemde daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savundu. Piyangolar\u0131n hangi bilimsel makalelerin yay\u0131nlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mede ve hatta hangi adaylar\u0131n akademik i\u015flere atanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmede kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini belirttiler.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7ekili\u015f ile gelen \u015fans<\/h2>\n<p>Z\u00fcrih \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6netimi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve akademisyenler aras\u0131nda fikri te\u015fvik etmek amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenen bu toplant\u0131y\u0131 organize eden ekonomist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.business.uzh.ch\/de\/research\/professorships\/formermembers\/osterloh.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Margit Osterloh<\/a>, rastgele \u015fans\u0131n pop\u00fcler olmayan, yeni ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 fikirlere daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Osterloh, mevcut se\u00e7im s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin yetersiz oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. Bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011fu asla finanse edilmeyen uzun proje ba\u015fvuru metinleri haz\u0131rlamak zorunda oldu\u011funu ve de\u011ferlendirme panellerindeki bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n da zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu orta dereceli fikirlerin se\u00e7ilmesi i\u00e7in harcad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve y\u00fcksek kaliteli ba\u015fvurular\u0131n s\u0131ralamas\u0131n\u0131n zaten kolay oldu\u011funu dile getiriyor, ancak ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun orta derecede oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. En \u00f6nemlisi, standart proje ba\u015fvuru de\u011ferlendirme sisteminin politika yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, yay\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n ve \u00fcniversite yetkililerinin sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar iyi performans g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini savunuyor. Ayr\u0131ca bilimsel hakemlerin ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc de\u011ferlendirme ile sorumlu ki\u015finin ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kriterlerine sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ekliyor.<\/p>\n<p>Rastgele se\u00e7im yapmay\u0131 deneyerek fon da\u011f\u0131tan en yeni kurulu\u015f ise <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snf.ch\/en\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">\u0130svi\u00e7re Ulusal Bilim Vakf\u0131 (SNSF)<\/a> olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, SNSF\u2019nin de\u011ferlendirme panellerinde hangi gen\u00e7 kariyer bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n doktora sonras\u0131 burs almas\u0131na karar vermek i\u00e7in piyango usul\u00fc ile \u00e7ekili\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eu g\u00fcnlerde program de\u011ferlendirilmektedir ve SNSF ba\u015fkan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snf.ch\/en\/theSNSF\/organisation\/board\/Pages\/default.aspx#Matthias%20Egger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Matthias Egger<\/a> bu uygulamay\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Z\u00fcrih toplant\u0131s\u0131nda konu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Hibe t\u00fcrlerini \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmek i\u00e7in piyango sistemlerine dayanan di\u011fer programlar aras\u0131nda, 2015&#8217;te rastgele se\u00e7imi resmen ba\u015flatan, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sftichallenge.govt.nz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Bilim \u0130\u00e7in Teknolojik Yenilik Ulusal Bilim Yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (SfTI)<\/a> adl\u0131 bir di\u011fer Yeni Zelanda devlet fonu yer almaktad\u0131r. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zel finansman kurumu olan Hannover\u2019deki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.volkswagenstiftung.de\/en\/foundation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Volkswagen Vakf\u0131<\/a> da baz\u0131 \u201cExperiment!\u201d fonlar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in 2017&#8217;den beri piyango kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu kurulu\u015flardan gelen a\u00e7\u0131klamalara g\u00f6re ise i\u015flemlerin tamamen rastgele olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. Tipik olarak, fon sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar ald\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015fvurular\u0131n asgari bir standard\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in bir \u00f6n incelemeden ge\u00e7iriyorlar. Daha sonra \u00f6n incelemeyi ge\u00e7en projelere birer say\u0131 atan\u0131yor ve fondaki aktar\u0131lacak t\u00fcm nakit para tahsis edilene kadar bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan rastgele ba\u015fvurular se\u00e7iliyor. Hatta bu t\u00fcrde bir uygulama olsa ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz sorusu ile bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/news-blog\/luck-of-the-draw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Twitter anketi<\/a> yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 24 saat i\u00e7inde 1.060 yan\u0131t gelmi\u015f. Ankete kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, kendi fon durumlar\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, %66 taraftar\u0131m demi\u015f ve %34 piyango yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 onaylamam\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n<p>Palmerston North &#8211; New Zealand&#8217;daki Massey \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde proses m\u00fchendisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve SfTI fonunu y\u00f6neten ekibin bir \u00fcyesi olan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.massey.ac.nz\/massey\/expertise\/profile.cfm?stref=535300\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Don Cleland<\/a>, ba\u015fvuru de\u011ferlendirme s\u00fcrecinin \u00e7ok fazla zaman ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7 olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Mesela 20 projeyi finanse etmek i\u00e7in para verildi\u011finde ve bir de\u011ferlendirme panelinin ba\u015fvurular\u0131 s\u0131ralamaya koyduklar\u0131nda hangi projenin 20. s\u0131rada ve hangisinin 21. s\u0131rada yer almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda bilimsel hakem kurulu ac\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. E\u011fer her ikisinin de finanse edilmesi i\u00e7in yeterince iyi oldu\u011fu konusunda hemfikirlerse ve o zaman 20 ve 21 numaralar\u0131 bir \u015fapkaya koyup \u00e7ekili\u015f ile fon almaya hak kazanan 20. projeyi belirliyorlar. Cleland, ger\u00e7ekten bir \u015fapka uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu nedenle hakemlere b\u00f6yle bir ac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ektirilmesinin gereksiz oldu\u011funu savunuyor.<\/p>\n<p>Fon, ba\u015fvuranlara bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te nereye kadar ileri gittiklerini ve onlardan geri bildirim alman\u0131n olumlu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki oylamaya giren ve fonu almay\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131ranlar hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f gibi hissetmiyorlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc finanse edilmek i\u00e7in yeterince iyi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlar ancak \u00e7ekili\u015f sisteminin bir sonucu olarak se\u00e7ilmediklerini anl\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n<p>Bu t\u00fcrde proje ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme fikri asl\u0131nda rastgele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey de\u011fildir; baz\u0131 teorik desteklere sahiptir. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00e7e\u015fitli se\u00e7im y\u00f6ntemlerini analiz etmi\u015fler ve se\u00e7imlerin rastlant\u0131 yolu ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n mevcut sisteme g\u00f6re daha avantajl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin fon da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011fimiz tarafl\u0131l\u0131k ve sadece belirli konular\u0131n ve gruplar\u0131n desteklenmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi ve fon kazananlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi artt\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi avantajlar\u0131 s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Piyango sistemine girebilmek i\u00e7inse baz\u0131 kabul \u015fartlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilebilir; \u00f6rne\u011fin, ba\u015fvurular e\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131k etnik k\u00f6kene sahip bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktaysa veya ba\u015fvuru varl\u0131kl\u0131 olmayan bir kurum taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise, bu gibi projelerin se\u00e7ilmesine daha fazla a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermek i\u00e7in uygun d\u00fczeltmeler bulunabilir. Zengin kurumlardan veya ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip ki\u015filer, standart \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerle ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan kaynaklara zaten s\u0131kl\u0131kla eri\u015febilirler. Konvansiyonel sistem de onlara fayda sa\u011flama e\u011filiminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Yani zengin daha da zengin oluyor. Cleland, konvansiyonel se\u00e7im sisteminin fikirlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ziyade adaylar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. Oysaki istenilen \u015fey en iyi fikirlerin se\u00e7ilmesi ve bu fikir sahiplerinin de zirveye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131.<\/p>\n<h2>Rekabet eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler<\/h2>\n<p>Cleland, di\u011fer fon verenlerin de bu uygulamay\u0131 denemeleri gerekti\u011fini savunuyor. Ama herkes onunla ayn\u0131 fikirde de\u011fil. Piyango tarz\u0131 hibe kazan\u0131p bu sistemden faydalanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ackerley sistemi onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ackerley, hibe inceleme panellerinde \u00e7ok\u00e7a zaman ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini ve paneldekilerin mant\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fler yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtiyor. Rekabet\u00e7i sistemle belirlenen hibelerinde olduk\u00e7a iyi i\u015fler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak piyango sisteminde o kadar iyi yapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc dile getiriyor. Piyango sistemlerini kullanan fonlara yap\u0131lacak ba\u015fvurular\u0131n yaln\u0131zca temel kriterleri yerine getirmesi gerekti\u011finden, ba\u015fvurular daha k\u0131sa olma e\u011filimindedir. Oysaki Ackerley, y\u00fcksek kalitede ve ciddi bir proje ba\u015fvurusu yazman\u0131n \u00e7ok de\u011ferli oldu\u011funu da ekliyor.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Politikas\u0131 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/research-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Research Policy<\/a>) dergisinde bu konuya dair g\u00fcncel fikirlerini <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2019.103831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">yay\u0131nland\u0131ktan<\/a> sonra tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 canl\u0131 olarak ba\u015flatan Osterloh, rastgele yani \u015fans eseri se\u00e7ilmenin daha geni\u015f bir fayda sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ekili\u015flerden yararlananlar\u0131n kendilerinin bizzat bunu hak etmedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini belirtiyor. K\u0131smen rastgele se\u00e7ilen bir projeniz veya yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131z oldu\u011funu bilirseniz, o zaman sizi daha al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc yapan fikri yani bu evrenin kral\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bilirsiniz. \u0130\u015fte bu, tam da bilimde ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan \u015fey.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yay\u0131nlanan yeni bir makale, rekabet\u00e7i ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonu ihtiyac\u0131 konusunda pek \u00e7ok soru ortaya koyuyor. Bilindi\u011fi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":21655,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1499,1495],"tags":[1602],"ppma_author":[1657],"class_list":["post-21654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-understanding-ethics","category-publishing-research","tag-research-grant-proposals"],"acf":[],"single_webinar_page_date":null,"single_webinar_page_time":null,"session_agenda":null,"who_should_attend_this_session":null,"about_the_speaker_field":null,"co-webinar-sec":null,"co_webinar_sec_one":null,"speaker-name":null,"webinar-date":null,"webinar-time":null,"webinar-s-image":null,"custum_webinar_category":null,"authors":[{"term_id":1657,"user_id":4,"is_guest":0,"slug":"editor","display_name":"Enago Academy","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2ef4bc47f3ceaa56f5eb3b26f9520fad298ba36ede4f86315997ffb45db37a1f?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"Editor","last_name":"Academy","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Enago Academy, the knowledge arm of Enago, offers comprehensive and up-to-date resources on academic research and scholarly publishing to all levels of scholarly professionals: students, researchers, editors, publishers, and academic societies. 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